An increase in pressure above the age standard is correct to call hypertension.
If pressure increases frequently or for a long time and during examination it is not possible to identify the causes of this, hypertension will be diagnosed.If a person has any disease that causes increased pressure (eg traumatic brain injury in the past, kidney disease, etc.), he talks about secondary arterial hypertension.However, in collapse, all cases of pressure increase are often called hypertension.
Hypertension is known as a "silent killer," as it does not always have obvious symptoms, especially in the early stages.It has been established that increased pressure has 20 to 30 % of the adult population, although many do not know their illness for a long time.If hypertension is not treated, the risks of a heart attack or an increase in stroke.The only way to learn about the presence of a problem is
regularly measure blood pressure.
Blood pressure is the power with which blood presses against the walls of blood and heart vessels.With hypertension, blood pressure in the arteries and hearts becomes excessively high, which leads to premature wear of these organs and increases the danger of other diseases, for example, impaired renal or cerebral function.
Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and is fixed in two dimensions:
- Systolic pressure - blood pressure at the moment your heart is reduced and pushes the blood to the arteries;
- Diastolic pressure - blood pressure at the time of heart muscle relaxation between two contractions.
For example, if your doctor says your blood pressure is "140 by 90", it means that your systolic pressure is 140 mm Hg.Art. And diastolic pressure - 90 mm hg.Art.
The ideal blood pressure in an adult is considered less than 120/80 mm hg.Art.However, within the standard, there are numbers to 139/89, including.If, according to the results of various measurements, your pressure exceeds 140/90 including, you will have hypertension, an additional examination is required and possibly treatment.
Symptoms of hypertension (hypertension)
An increase in blood pressure is not always accompanied by a change in good -to -be.The only way to find out if you have hypertension is to measure blood pressure.Adults should check their blood pressure at least once every five years.
If you are pregnant, it is important to constantly check your blood pressure, even if it is not high.Observation of blood pressure during pregnancy reduces the risk of complications.Increased blood pressure in a pregnant woman can lead to preeclampsia.This is a dangerous condition in which there is a problem with the placenta (the organ that provides the blood circulation of the unborn child).
Sometimes high pressure symptoms are:
- headache;
- Darkening or double in the eyes;
- Bleeding from the nose;
- DYSPNEA.
Such signs appear in people with very high pressure.If you find any of these symptoms, consult a doctor.Without treatment, high blood pressure can lead to serious illness, including stroke and heart attack.Immediately make an appointment with the therapist if you find any of these symptoms or increase the pressure.If symptoms are significantly expressed, call an ambulance.
Causes of hypertension (hypertension)
In more than 90% of cases, the cause of increased blood pressure cannot be established.Then hypertension is called essential or primary.Factors that may increase the risk of primary hypertension of you includes:
- Age: The risk of developing hypertension increases with age;
- In your family, there were cases of hypertension (the disease may be hereditary);
- Excess salt in your diet;
- Lack of exercise;
- integrity;
- Smoking;
- alcohol abuse;
- stress.
Known causes of hypertension
About 10% of high pressure cases are the result of a particular disease or a specific cause.These cases are related to secondary hypertension.The typical causes of pressure in this case are:
- kidney disease;
- Diabetes mellitus;
- narrowing of the arteries that provide the kidneys;
- hormonal diseases such as kushing syndrome (a disease in which the body produces many steroid hormones);
- Diseases that affect the connective tissues of the body, for example, systemic lupus erythematosus;
- contraceptive (oral contraceptives);
- painkillers, known as non -steroid anti -inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs);
- Club drugs such as cocaine, amphetamines and crystalline methamphetamine;
- Some plant additives, plant -based additives.
Hypertension diagnosis
Diagnosing hypertension and identifying its possible causes, mainly (systematic measurement of blood pressure.This can be done by a medical worker and independently using a home appliance to measure pressure.
Healthy people at the age of over 40 should measure their blood pressure at least once every five years.If you have an increased risk of hypertension, you should check blood pressure more often, ideally once a year.
Checking blood pressure is usually easy to drive in most clinics and hospitals.Blood pressure is usually measured using a tonomer (pressure gauge), a device consisting of a stethoscope, a cuff, a measurement device, an air injection and valve.
The cuff is wrapped around the shoulder and pumped to limit blood flow in the artery.Then the air in the cuff begins to slow down slowly while listening to the wrist with a stethoscope.Listening to your wrist in a place below the descent air cuff allows you to obtain reliable data on the readings of your blood pressure.In addition, automatic (digital) tonomatic are now common, which measure pressure and pulse using electric sensors.
Before proceeding with blood pressure measurement, you should relax for at least five minutes and empty the bladder.To get the right testimony of blood pressure, you need to sit and not speak during manipulation.
If with one of the measurements you found increased blood pressure, it does not necessarily mean that you have hypertension.During the day, the blood pressure level can float.The pressure may increase by taking the doctor due to anxiety and stress.In such cases, it is recommended to measure pressure during the day on your own, using a domestic tone.By excluding "fear of the white cloak", you can get more objective indicators.
You can also do blood and urine testing to verify the presence of diseases that increase the risk of high blood pressure, for example, kidney disease.
Decipher the tonomer's readings
Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury mercury (mm rt. Art.) And is fixed in two tracks:
- Systolic pressure - blood pressure at the moment your heart is reduced and pushes the blood to the arteries;
- Diastolic pressure - blood pressure at the time of heart muscle relaxation between two contractions.
For example, if your systolic blood pressure is 140 mm Hg.Art. And the diastolic blood pressure is 90 mm Hg.Art. So they say that their pressure is 140 by 90.
Ideally, blood pressure should be less than 120/80.However, indications below 140/90 are generally considered normal.If you have a disease of kidney, diabetes or heart disease and circulatory system, your target blood pressure should be below 130/80 mm hg.Art.
If pressure indicators for several days are larger than the 140/90 mark - you have hypertension and additional examination is required.
High pressure treatment
Effective actions to reduce blood pressure are in a change in lifestyle and medication.The choice of treatment regime will depend on blood pressure level and the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
If your blood pressure is slightly more than 130/80 mm hg.Art. And at the same time, the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in your low vascular diseases, so you can reduce pressure only making certain changes in your lifestyle.
If your blood pressure is moderately high (140/90 mm hg or higher) and there is a risk of developing cardiovascular disease in you over the next 10 years, treatment will include medications and adjust lifestyle.
If your blood pressure is too high (180/110 mm hg or higher), then, in the near future, you need treatment, possibly with additional examination, depending on the state of your health.
Lifestyle with arterial hypertension
Below are some changes you can make in your lifestyle to reduce pressure.Some of them will lead to a quick improvement within a few weeks, others will influence a longer period.
- Reduce salt consumption to less than 6 grams per day.
- Eat a healthy, low and balanced food in composition, including many fresh fruits and vegetables.
- Be active: Maintaining physical activity is one of the main things you should do to prevent or control hypertension.
- Reduce alcohol consumption.
- Refuse smoking.Smoking significantly increases the likelihood of developing lungs and heart disease.
- Lose weight.
- Drink less coffee, tea or other caffeine drinks, such as glue.Using more than four cups of coffee per day can increase your blood pressure.
- Try to use relaxation techniques such as yoga, meditation and stress management (autogenic training).
The more healthy habits you master, the more positive effect you will have.In practice, some people find that by maintaining a healthy lifestyle, they usually need to take medicine.
Hypertension Drug Treatment
There is a large selection of drugs that diminish the pressure.It may be necessary to take more than one type of medicine, because sometimes the treatment of hypertension needs a combination of various medications.
In some cases you will need to take pressure by reducing the pressure throughout your life.However, if your blood pressure level remains under control over several years, you will have the opportunity to stop medicinal treatment.Most high -pressure medications can cause side effects, but this problem can be resolved by replacing medications taken.
Tell your doctor if you have any of the following common side effects of taking medications:
- a feeling of drowsiness;
- kidney pain (in the lower back);
- Dry cough;
- dizziness, exhaustion or lethargy;
- Raw on the skin.
Below are the most commonly used drugs for high pressure.
Angiotensin Reproductive Enzyme Inhibitors (APF)Reduce blood pressure by relaxing the walls of blood vessels.The most common side effect is a constant dry cough.If the side effects are starting to bother too much, medications such as angiotensin-2 receptor antagonists may recommend you, whose action is similar to the action of ACE inhibitors.
ECA inhibitors can cause unforeseen side effects if they are taken in conjunction with others, including the medicines -the country.Before taking any additional medicine, consult a doctor if the combination of negative side effects will cause them.
Calcium channel blockers(calcium antagonists) prevent calcium in muscle tissue cells of heart and blood vessels.This leads to the expansion of its arteries (large blood vessels) and a decrease in blood pressure.
Using grapefruit juice by taking certain types of calcium channel blockers may increase the risk of side effects.In more detail, you can discuss this with your doctor.
Diuretics(diuretics) act due to the excretion of excess fluid and salt from the body.
BETA BLOCKERS (BETABLOQUERS)They act by reducing the frequency and strength of heart contractions, thus reducing blood pressure.Previously, beta -blockers were a popular high pressure drug, but today they are usually used only when other means do not have the necessary effect.This is due to the fact that beta -blockers are considered less effective than other types of drugs to increase pressure.
Betabloquers may also affect the effect of other medications, causing side effects.Consult your doctor before taking other drugs in combination with beta -blockers.
Don't stop taking a sudden beta blockers without consulting your doctor.This can lead to serious side effects, such as an increase in blood pressure or an attack by Angina Pectoris.
Alpha Blockers (Alpha Blockers)Generally, they are not recommended as a first -choice drug to reduce high blood pressure, except when other medications do not have the right effect.Alpha blockers act relaxing their blood vessels, significantly facilitating blood flow within them.
The common side effects of alpha blockers include:
- fainting in the first administration of the drug ("first dose effect");
- dizziness;
- headache;
- swelling of the ankles;
- fatigue.
Hypertension complications
Increased blood pressure exerts an additional load in its heart and blood vessels.If hypertension is not treated after a while, the risk of developing heart attacks, stroke and kidney disease increases.
Cardiovascular diseases for hypertension
Hypertension can cause many different diseases from heart and blood vessels and heart vessels (cardiovascular diseases), including:
- Stroke;
- myocardial infarction;
- Embolia: Occurs when a blood clot or an air bubble blocks a blood flow in a vase;
- Aneurysm: develops when the blood vessel wall extends and can explode at any time, causing internal bleeding.
Kidney diseases and increased pressure
Hypertension can also lead to damage to small blood vessels in the kidneys and impair their function.This complication can cause symptoms such as:
- fatigue;
- Edema of ankles, feet or hands (due to the delay in water in the body);
- dyspnea;
- the presence of blood in the urine;
- frequent urination, especially at night;
- Itching on the skin.
Renal diseases are treated with drugs and food additives.More severe cases require dialysis (the treatment procedure in which blood is artificially cleaned from toxic metabolism products in the body) or kidney transplantation.
Prevention of pressure increase
The development of hypertension can be avoided by a healthy diet, maintaining normal weight, performing regular exercise, restrictions on alcohol consumption and smoking refusal.
Smoking alone does not cause high blood pressure, but significantly increases the risk of infarction and strokes in myocardium.Smoking, as high blood pressure, leads to narrowing of the arteries.If you smoke in the presence of hypertension, your arteries will restrict much faster and the risks of developing heart and pulmonary disease in your future will increase significantly.
High pressure power supply
Reduce the amount of salt in your diet, eat many fruits and vegetables.Salt increases the pressure.The more salt you consume, the greater your pressure.Try to eat less than 6 g of salt a day, which is approximately one teaspoon.
As proven, the use of low -fat foods and a high fiber content (eg brown rice, bread and pasta) and a large amount of fruits and vegetables help reduce blood pressure.Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals and fibers that support your body in a healthy state.Try to eat five portions of 80 g of fruits and vegetables every day.
Drinking regularly alcohol is above the allowed rules over time will lead to an increase in blood pressure.Men are not recommended to use more than 2-4 portions of alcohol per day regularly and women-more than 2-3.Regular use is performed every day or most days of the week.1 portion of alcohol corresponds to approximately a glass of vodka, half a glass of wine or half a beer mug.
Also, as alcohol is highly caloric, its regular use leads to weight gain and thus to increase your blood pressure.
If you drink more than four cups of coffee a day, this can lead to an increase in pressure.If you are a big fan of coffee, tea or other caffeine drinks (such as Coke and some energy drinks), consider reducing your consumption.It is very good when you drink tea and coffee as part of a balanced diet, but it is important that these drinks are not your only source of liquid.
Weight and physical exercise for hypertension
Excessive weight forces the heart to work more intensely to pump blood throughout the body, which usually leads to an increase in blood pressure.If you really need to lose overweight, it is important to remember that the loss of two or three pounds will lead to a significant change in blood pressure readings and will improve your overall health.
An active lifestyle and regular exercises lead to a decrease in blood pressure, keeping the heart and blood vessels in good condition.Regular exercise also helps lose weight, which also helps reduce blood pressure.
An adult should be spent every week for at least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) on moderate outdoor intensity exercises such as riding a bicycle or walking fast.When exercising, you should focus on the fact that you should feel warm and a little breathless.A complete person, in order to reach this state, can be slightly enough in the hill.Physical activity can include a variety of exercises, the sport to walk and work in the garden.
Relaxation exercises can reduce blood pressure.They include:
- Stress management (autogenic training), meditation or yoga.
- Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy, which focuses on how your thoughts and beliefs can affect your well-being and the ability to deal with problems.You can discuss with your doctor the opportunity to go through this psychotherapy.
- Biological Feedback (the self -regulation method used to help you conscious blood pressure regulation): In a small monitor, you will demonstrate your heartbeat or real -time blood pressure.An indication for biological feedback can be performed by your doctor.
Which doctor contact hypertension?
If you have increased the pressure, find a good therapist who can understand the causes of the disease and prescribe treatment.If you have cardiac complaints or chronic cardiovascular disease, choose a cardiologist.