Increased pressure or hypertension: symptoms and treatment

Hypertension is a disease associated with a periodic or constant increase in blood pressure (blood pressure).For some people, increased pressure is the norm, but this is an exception to the rules, and the indicators mentioned for most people are pathological.

The causes and mechanism of the development of hypertension

In a healthy person, the pressure is normal about 120/80 mm hg.Art.At physiological and chemical levels, increased pressure is a natural reaction of the body to any danger or stress.In a critical situation, adrenaline is thrown into the blood, the heart begins to function faster, the vessels narrow, the muscles contract and the pressure increases.

Regular stress, experiments, lack of sleep, problems - all can lead to a chronic pressure increase.However, doctors also call other causes of hypertension: heredity, overweight or obesity, thyroid gland disorders, kidney, body magnesium deficiency, taking some drugs.

The pathogenesis of hypertension is not completely clarified.The hemodynamic base to increase blood pressure is an increased arterial tone due to nerve impulses from the central nervous system along the sympathetic pathways.

In addition to the neurogenic mechanism, other mechanisms that increase blood pressure, in particular humoral, can also be activated (sequentially) humoral.

The renal factor associated with acute ischemia is also important.The inclusion of the kidney factor contributes to the development of high and stable blood pressure.The well -known role in the complex pathogenic mechanism of hypertension is played by the hormones of the cortical layer of the adrenal glands.

Thus, two groups of factors can be distinguished in the mechanism to increase blood pressure in hypertension: neurogenic, which, through the sympathetic nervous system, a direct effect on arterioles and humoral tone, associated with the enhanced secretion of catecholamines and some other biologically active substances that cause a press effect.

The mechanism of development of hypertension is complicated.Many organs and systems are involved in it.The degree of damage to various hypertension organs can be unequal, so several clinical and anatomical variants of hypertension are distinguished: with a predominant damage to the vessels of the kidneys, heart and brain.

Symptoms

Blood pressure is blood pressure, which depends on the constant shocks of the heart that performs its pump function.It gives about 70 to 90 abbreviations per minute.In measuring blood pressure, we take into consideration two digits: systolic pressure (at the time of cardiac muscle contraction) and diastolic pressure (at the time of its relaxation).Arterial hypertension is commonly called pressure increase above 140 by 90, respectively.

With increasing pressure, several of these resources are usually observed:

• headaches, noise in the ears;
• visual disorders;
• dizziness;
• Absent -minkness;
• Memory deterioration;
• drowsiness;
• Blood pressure instability;
• nausea;
• chills;
• swelling of the eyelids, swelling of the face in the morning;
• heartbeat of the heart;
• chills, sweat, head pulse;
• face redness, internal tension, anxiety, irritability;
• decreased performance;
• Swelling of the limbs, numbness of the fingers;
• Heart pain.

If any of these symptoms are observed from time to time, this is not evidence of increased pressure.But if you notice the chronic presence of signals, consult a doctor.

The most common signal that indicates the disease is headache.The second most important symptom of increased pressure is the problems of visual perception:

• Hanging in the eyes;
• inexplication of objects;
• decreased peripheral vision;
• Blindness attacks;
• Fog in front of my eyes;
• Reducing the reaction to light.

Hypertension and hypertension: What is the difference?

Hypertension is a chronic disease with prolonged and persistent high blood pressure, and hypertension is a persistent increase in blood pressure (ie it is not a diagnosis, but the body condition).In fact, these terms are the same, only the first denotes the name of the disease and the second - says the fact that it increases blood pressure.

Hypertension hypertension is characterized by current resources.Although hypertension is an independent disease, hypertension is a symptom of a pathological state that manifests precisely in a persistent increase in pressure.

Thus, to say that this is the same, it is possible only in the case of a hypertensive crisis.The crisis itself is characterized by a constant increase in pressure (hypertension) and at the same time occurs due to hypertension.

Hypertension stages

For doctors for the correct diagnosis, it is necessary to determine the patient's hypertension stage and make an appropriate record on your medical card.If hypertension is diagnosed in the late patient, that is, in the second or third stage, the consequences for the patient's body will be more serious than if the treatment of hypertension began in the first stage.However, few patients with early stage hypertension become a doctor or at least regularly measure blood pressure.

The first stage

140-150/90 mm Hg.Art.When blood pressure floats within these boundaries, the patient is diagnosed with the first (mild) hypertension.Hypertonic seizures rarely occur, the disease is no less.

The second stage

160-170/100-109 mm Hg.Art.- The second (moderate) degree of hypertension.Hypertonic crises are typical.The narrowing of retinal arteries, left ventricular hypertrophy is objectively recorded.

The third stage

200-300/129 mm Hg.Art.And above.Severe hypertensive crises (very severe form of hypertension) usually develop.The harmful effect causes hypertensive encephalopathy, ventricular leve deficiency, the development of brain vessels, hemorrhoids and optic nerve edema and renal failure and renal failure.

Why is hypertension dangerous?

Doctors argue that the consequences of hypertension are threatening the life that combined AIDS, cancer and tuberculosis.The insidiousness of this disease is that its symptoms are similar to signs of overcoming work.Therefore, about half of hypertension about your illness will learn too late when it is very difficult to treat it and it is almost impossible to interrupt the process of destruction of the body it has launched.

The danger of hypertension is that it begins as a violation of the functions of regulating blood pressure, but in the future it leads to many serious diseases of internal organs and systems, in particular cardiovascular disease.Hypertension, which occurs without medical control, can lead to a heart attack, an increase in the heart and finally for heart failure.

The consequences of hypertension are especially dangerous for those who have detrimental factors to the murderous effect on the body of blood pressure increased - smoking, drinking alcohol, harmful nutrition, sedentary lifestyle, frequent stress, high cholesterol in the body and diabetes.Such people increase the risk of heart attack, stroke and renal failure, blindness and various cognitive disorders - reduction in memory, intelligence and performance.

Hypertension is a number 1 killer among all cardiovascular diseases.Mortality in the last 25 years has grown from 98 to 107 people per 100,000 people.This is a remarkable growth.50% of patients are treated with great efficiency, but only 10% reach the target level of blood pressure, ie below 130 by 80.

Which doctor is involved in treatment?

With increased pressure, you should go to an expert.The therapist performs a preliminary examination of the patient, does the necessary tests and determines which doctor becomes more.This feature is explained by the fact that the therapist is a specialist in various areas of medicine at the same time.

After completing a preliminary inspection, the doctor issues an indication for the inspection of other experts:

• neurologist;
• cardiologist;
• nephrologist;
• Okulist;
• Endocrinologist.

Diagnosis

The easiest diagnostic method is to measure blood pressure.If there is a stable increase to 140/90 mm hg.Art.And above, that means there is hypertension.

Increased pressure is considered stable during repeated measurements (at least 2-3 times in different days for 4 weeks).

The following diagnostic methods are also used to determine the presence of hypertension:

• Urine analysis for proteins and glucose;
• in hemoglobin or hematocrit;
• Determination of creatinine level or an increase in nitrogen in the blood and urine;
• Glucose level during hunger;
• electrocardiogram;
• Heart ultrasound, kidneys;
• Consultation of an optometrist with a study of bloody backgrounds.

Measurement of blood pressure

Measurement of blood pressure with a manual tonométer (Korotkov method):

1. The tonomer cuff should be at the heart level (middle of the chest) 2 cm above the elbow.A finger must pass between the cuff and the hand.The cuff should cover at least 80% of the shoulder circumference and at least 40% of its length.
2. Place the phonondoscope membrane at the pulse point of the shoulder artery.
3. Quickly pump the air to the cuff with a pear (do not forget to close the valve in advance) so that the air does not return to the upper pressure level, 20 mm hg.Art.exceeding systolic (according to the disappearance of the pulse).
4. Slowly release the air of a cuff at a speed of 2 mm hg.Art.In sec. The first scam ear corresponds to the value of the upper pressure.The tone stop level corresponds to the lowest pressure.If the tones are too weak, you should raise your hand, bend and straighten it several times and repeat the measurement.

Blood and Urine Tests

A general blood test or urine test for hypertension will not be informative.It is impossible to determine the cause of the disease by such indicators, but they help discover the stage of the disease.

From a general blood test, you can learn about the number of forms, as well as to evaluate the presence of inflammatory processes in the body.

Evaluation of heart work

There are several methods to evaluate heart work:

1. Physical diagnosis involves the study of cardiac muscle with the help of a phonondoscope.The doctor "listens" in the heart, reveals noise, disturbance of the rhythm.Based on the results of physical diagnosis, the ECG is prescribed.
2. ECG (electrocardiogram) is also an assessment of cardiac muscle work, only more detailed.This study allows you to identify possible changes in time and completely analyze heart work for a certain period of time.
3. Dopplerography is an effective ultrasound exam that helps determine the condition of blood passing through the vessels.
4. Arteriography is a radiological method that evaluates the condition of arterial walls, reveals atheromatous plaques, defects of the arteries.

Eye bottom inspection

Eyes, like the heart, are considered an alive organ with hypertension, so when diagnosing increased pressure, an eye on the Ifalmologist is examined.As a rule, with hypertension, at the early stage, the retina veins and the narrowing of the artery are expanding.These functional changes are reversible: with pressure normalization, blood vessels also return to normal.

In the second stage, organic changes occur, the condition gets worse.MicroAnevrisms appear, bleeding can happen.

In the third stage, the condition of optic nerve changes, acuity and the field of vision deteriorate, visual functions are interrupted.

Ultrasound

Ultrasound of adrenal kidneys and glands, the work of the kidneys is evaluated.Due to increased pressure in the organs, nephrons matrix cells that filter liters of toxin blood daily.In the end, this can lead to kidney failure.

An ultrasound of the kidneys helps to identify volumetric formations in the adrenal glands, severe renal tissue lesions.An ultrasound of the renal arteries is also prescribed.

How to treat hypertension?

No -Drug Methods:

• decrease body weight to normal;
• Smoking refusal;
• decreased alcoholic beverages;
• moderate physical activity (regular fresh air tours);
• reduction in salt consumption;
• an increase in the diet of rich calcium, magnesium and potassium plant foods;
• Reducing the consumption of animal fats.

Medicinal therapy is prescribed if non -valley methods have no effect, or the patient has risk factors for diabetes development, hypertensive crisis, kidney damage and coronary atherosclerosis.

Drug

The development of hypertension drugs has been underway for over a dozen years.Today, however, the problem of developing new, more effective and safe means of reducing and controlling pressure is still sharply of medicine and pharmacology.

Today there is a wider variety of such medicines, but they all differ in the type of exposure, efficiency, indications and against -indications.Their cost plays an important role.Therefore, for each patient, the doctor selects an individual drug treatment scheme, based mainly on the causes of its occurrence:

1. Diuretics.These medications partially block calcium channels, having a vasodilator effect.They are recommended if there are vascular diseases at the same time as hypertension, but the means are against -individuals for people undergoing myocardial infarction.
2. ECA Inhibitors (angiotenzinzinprofing enzyme).Reduce the production of an enzyme that stimulates a decrease in the elasticity of blood vessels.They are very effective, well tolerated by patients with hypertension, favorably affect the cardiovascular system.They are often recommended after a myocardial infarction as well as with greater pressure against the bottom of diabetes.
3. Beta-Adrenosaers.Reduce heart rate and reduce its strength.They have a wide range of application and are recommended for Angina Pectoris, tachycardia, after a heart attack against the bottom of heart failure.
4. Drugs for reducing emergency pressure.This includes the extract of the root of the mother, Valerian and Peonia.

Diet

A special product for hypertension is baked potato.This product is rich in potassium-the most important trace element that regulates salt metabolism in the body.

The main nutritional elements for hypertension are potassium, calcium, magnesium.It is these traces that contribute a lot to a decrease in blood pressure.

The hypertension diet implies the rejection of fast food products, which are usually overloaded with sodium, and helps to increase pressure.In addition, the diet should be saturated with products, also rich in calcium and magnesium:

• grain - bread, rice, wheat of solid varieties;
• Dry and vegetable fruits;
• Low -fat meat and birds;
• low fat dairy products;
• Walnuts and legumes.

Treat very cautiously to fatty foods as well as sweets.

Doctors say that compliance with a diet helps maintain pressure within normal boundaries and thus reduces the risk of pads by almost 40%and heart attacks by 30%.

Life

All patients with blood pressure indicators are greater than 120-130 by 80-64 mm Hg.Art.You urgently need to change the way of life and family nutrition for them.This consists of limiting smoke and drinking alcohol, proper compilation of a complete diet, exercise.

A healthy lifestyle for hypertension, as in any chronic disease, is one of the main factors of effective treatment.Therefore, changes are considered a critical step in the treatment process, as well as in the prevention of hypertension.

Popular remedies

Most patients with hypertension takes special medications, but you can also combat the disease with the help of well -known popular remedies.Consider some effective recipes:

1. Linen seeds.They contain a large amount of fatty acids of the omega-3 group.They contribute to an increase in the level of lipoproteins of increased blood density, which is a prevention of cholesterol and the formation of atherosclerotic complications in the walls of blood vessels.The body itself cannot synthesize this substance;Therefore, it is important to ensure that it comes with food.In linen seeds, the amount of omega-3 is 25% of the weight and are relatively cheap and well absorbed.Take flax seeds of 3 tablespoons a day in chopped shape.
2. Red pine tincture.It helps normalize blood pressure and adjust post states.The tincture is prepared like this:
• Gather materials in summer months, rinse in running water and pour into a liter jar;
• Pour vodka or 40 degrees alcohol and then put in a dark place;
• Insist from 2 to 3 weeks at room temperature;
• Before you start taking, strain the gauze, doubled.
• The properly prepared tincture should be dark red.Take 3 times a day half an hour before meals on a teaspoon.You can mix with water or tea.
3. Garlic.If you take garlic regularly, this stimulates blood flow in the vessels, prevents deposition in its oxidative degradation walls walls.Mechanical properties of garlic and ereza help prevent blood clots.Constant use of garlic teeth helps decrease blood pressure by 7-8%.


You can also cook garlic infusion:

• Two garlic cloves are chopped and pour a glass of cooked water;
• Let them prepare 12 hours;
• In the morning, drink and prepare a new infusion.
• The course is a month.Take a glass twice a day.
4. Lemon with cranberries and honey.Grate the lemon and mix the spoon with a spoon of cranberries.Add half a tablespoon of a fresh roseira, a glass of honey and take a tablespoon of the product in the morning and evening.
5. Banana.Take 4 tablespoons of crushed banana leaves.Pour a glass of vodka and let the composition prepare for two weeks in a dark place.Strain the mixture and use 30 drops three times a day.

Forecast

Prognosis for hypertension in the sense of absolute recovery is usually unfavorable.Only at the transistor stage is the complete cessation of the additional development of the possible disease.However, modern treatment methods allow to reduce disease progression, prevent the development of complications, relieve patients' condition and maintain their ability to work for a long time.

The forecast for the renal variant of the course is very unfavorable, especially when the kidney arteriolosclerosis develops.The forecast is worsened by adherence to atherosclerosis at any stage of hypertension.

Prevention measures for hypertension

Hypertension prevention is divided into primary and secondary.Primary prevention needs healthy - those whose pressure does not yet exceed normal numbers.The healing measurement complex will help not only for many years to maintain normal pressure, but also to get rid of overweight and significantly improve the general well -ser:

• low salt diet;
• Limitation of animal fats;
• exercise;
• psychological unloading;
• rejection of bad habits;
• Weight control.

Secondary measures aim to maintain blood pressure within the norm in hypertensive patients, the exclusion of hypertensive crises and the prevention of disease complications.Secondary prevention to inclusion of psychological training that contribute to moral and emotional discharge, physical therapy procedures, sanatorium treatment, use of sedatives that improve sleep, the use of traditional medicine (Hawthorn, Peony, Valerian, Motherwort) and daily pressure indicators.

If you pay attention to hypertension in a timely manner and start treating it, you can avoid serious consequences.Pressure problems are solved not only through medicines, but to a extent extent due to a healthy and correct lifestyle and control of your health.